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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">python学习(十八)爬虫中加入cookie</h1>
        

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        <p>前几篇文章介绍了urllib库基本使用和爬虫的简单应用，本文介绍如何通过<code>post</code>信息给网站，保存登陆后<code>cookie</code>，并用于请求有<br>权限的操作。保存cookie需要用到cookiejar类，可以输出cookie信息查看下<br><a id="more"></a><br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> http.cookiejar</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> urllib.request</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#声明一个CookieJar对象实例来保存cookie</span></span><br><span class="line">cookie = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#HTTPCookieProcessor对象来创建cookie处理器</span></span><br><span class="line">handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#通过handler来构建opener</span></span><br><span class="line">opener = urllib.request.build_opner(handler)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#通过opner访问网址</span></span><br><span class="line">response = opner.open(<span class="string">'http://www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#访问cookie中的数据</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> item <span class="keyword">in</span> cookie:</span><br><span class="line">	print(<span class="string">'Name = '</span>+ item.name)</span><br><span class="line">	print(<span class="string">'Value = '</span>+ item.value)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>1 通过http.cookiejar.CookieJar()创建一个cookiejar对象，用来保存上网留下的cookie。<br>2 为了处理cookie，需要创建cookie处理器，通过urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)根据cookie<br>创建cookie处理器。<br>3 接下来根据cookie处理器，建立opener， urllib.request.build_opener(handler)创建opener<br>4 通过openr访问cookie中的数据</p>
<p>可以保存cookie，用于以后访问有权限的网页。下面将cookie写入文件<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#定义文件名</span></span><br><span class="line">filename = <span class="string">'cookie.txt'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#定义MozillaCookieJar对象保存cookie,并且cookie关联上filename文件</span></span><br><span class="line">cookie = http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar(filename)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#创建cookie处理器</span></span><br><span class="line">handler = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#通过handler构建opener</span></span><br><span class="line">opener = request.build_opener(handler)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#利用opener请求网页</span></span><br><span class="line">response = opener.open(<span class="string">'http://www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#保存cookie到文件</span></span><br><span class="line">cookie.save(ignore_discard = <span class="keyword">True</span>, ignore_expires = <span class="keyword">True</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>1 传入文件名，调用http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar创建cookie，<br>cookie和文件名绑定了。<br>2 根据cookie创建处理器, request.HTTPCookieProcessor创建handler<br>3 根据Cookie处理器创建opener<br>4 用opener访问网站，生成cookie<br>5 cookie.save保存到filename文件中，ignore_discard表示忽略是否过期，<br>及时被丢弃也保存。ignore_expires表示文件存在则覆盖写入。</p>
<p>对于保存好的cookie文件，可以提取并访问其他网页。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">filename = <span class="string">'cookie.txt'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#创建MozillaCookieJar对象</span></span><br><span class="line">cookie = http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#从文件中读取cookie内容到变量</span></span><br><span class="line">cookie.load(filename, ignore_discard = <span class="keyword">True</span>, ignore_expires = <span class="keyword">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#生成cookie处理器</span></span><br><span class="line">handler = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#创建opener</span></span><br><span class="line">opener = request.build_opener(handler)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#用opener打开网页</span></span><br><span class="line">response = opener.open(<span class="string">'http://www.baidu.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(response.read().decode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>1 用MozillaCookieJar创建cookie<br>2 调用cookie.load加载文件内容到cookie中<br>3 根据cookie创建HTTPCookieProcessor<br>4 根据handler创建opener<br>5 利用opener打开网页，返回response</p>
<p>下面综合应用上面的知识，用爬虫模拟登陆，然后获取有权限的网页和信息。<br>通过浏览器审查元素的方式可以查看访问网站的request和response，用fiddler更方便一些，用fidder监控浏览器<br>数据，然后模拟浏览器发送登录请求。<br>随便找一个需要登陆的网站<br><a href="http://www.lesmao.cc/forum.php" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.lesmao.cc/forum.php</a><br>找到登陆按钮，点击登陆，查看fiddler监控的数据。<br>可以在fiddler中看到这个request请求post数据给网站。<br><img src="1.png" alt="1.png"><br>通过webform这一选项看到我们投递的消息<br><img src="2.png" alt="2.png"><br>有些网页是需要登陆才能访问的，如<br><a href="http://www.lesmao.cc/home.php?mod=space&amp;do=notice&amp;view=system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.lesmao.cc/home.php?mod=space&amp;do=notice&amp;view=system</a><br><img src="3.png" alt="3.png"></p>
<p>下面先模拟登陆，获取cookie，然后利用cookie访问个人信息网页。<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#登陆地址</span></span><br><span class="line">    login_url = <span class="string">'http://www.lesmao.cc/member.php?mod=logging&amp;action=login&amp;referer='</span>    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#User-Agent信息                   </span></span><br><span class="line">    user_agent = <span class="string">r'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/49.0.2623.221 Safari/537.36 SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0'</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#Headers信息</span></span><br><span class="line">    head = &#123;<span class="string">'User-Agnet'</span>: user_agent, <span class="string">'Connection'</span>: <span class="string">'keep-alive'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#登陆Form_Data信息</span></span><br><span class="line">    Login_Data = &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    Login_Data[<span class="string">'formhash'</span>] = <span class="string">'5ea0f6e4'</span></span><br><span class="line">    Login_Data[<span class="string">'referer'</span>] = <span class="string">'http://www.lesmao.cc/./'</span></span><br><span class="line">    Login_Data[<span class="string">'loginfield'</span>] = <span class="string">'username'</span>         </span><br><span class="line">    Login_Data[<span class="string">'username'</span>] = <span class="string">'secondtonone1'</span>      </span><br><span class="line">    Login_Data[<span class="string">'password'</span>] = <span class="string">'18301152001'</span></span><br><span class="line">    Login_Data[<span class="string">'loginsubmit'</span>] = <span class="string">'true'</span></span><br><span class="line">    Login_Data[<span class="string">'questionid'</span>] = <span class="string">'0'</span></span><br><span class="line">    Login_Data[<span class="string">'answer'</span>] = <span class="string">''</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#使用urlencode方法转换标准格式</span></span><br><span class="line">    logingpostdata = parse.urlencode(Login_Data).encode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#声明一个CookieJar对象实例来保存cookie</span></span><br><span class="line">    cookie = cookiejar.CookieJar()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#利用urllib.request库的HTTPCookieProcessor对象来创建cookie处理器,也就CookieHandler</span></span><br><span class="line">    cookie_support = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#通过CookieHandler创建opener</span></span><br><span class="line">    opener = request.build_opener(cookie_support)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#创建Request对象</span></span><br><span class="line">    req1 = request.Request(url=login_url, data=logingpostdata, headers=head)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#面向对象地址</span></span><br><span class="line">    date_url = <span class="string">'http://www.lesmao.cc/home.php?mod=space&amp;do=notice&amp;view=system'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    req2 = request.Request(url=date_url,  headers=head)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">#使用自己创建的opener的open方法</span></span><br><span class="line">        response1 = opener.open(req1)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">#print(response1.read().decode('utf-8'))</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'.................................'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        response2 = opener.open(req2)</span><br><span class="line">        html = response2.read().decode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>) </span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">#打印查询结果</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(html)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">except</span> error.URLError <span class="keyword">as</span> e:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> hasattr(e, <span class="string">'code'</span>):</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">"URLError:%d"</span> % e.code)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> hasattr(e, <span class="string">'reason'</span>):</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">"URLError:%s"</span> % e.reason)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">except</span> error.HTTPError <span class="keyword">as</span> e:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> hasattr(e, <span class="string">'code'</span>):</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">"URLError:%d"</span> % e.code)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> hasattr(e, <span class="string">'reason'</span>):</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">"URLError:%s"</span> % e.reason)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">except</span> Exception <span class="keyword">as</span> e:</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'Exception is : '</span>, e)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>打印出的html信息和登陆后点击的信息是一致的，所以用cookie登陆并访问其它权限网页成功了。<br>源码下载地址：<br><a href="https://github.com/secondtonone1/python-" target="_blank" rel="noopener">源码下载</a><br>我的公众号：<br><img src="gzh.jpg" alt="gzh.jpg"></p>

      
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